Catastrophism and Related Arguments in Geology Essay Example

Catastrophism and Related Arguments in Geology Essay Example Catastrophism and Related Arguments in Geology Essay Catastrophism and Related Arguments in Geology Essay was an statements about their different attacks and apprehensions. Catastrophism was, a theory foremost introduced by the Gallic palaeontologist Georges Cuvier, which described that Earth has been in changed much more in its yesteryear, by geological forces in great magnitude, such as temblors, major inundation, and volcanic eruption ( Appleman 35 ) . Catastrophists believed that, recent alterations were gradual, which have been declined, from Earth s initial violent province ( unstable ) to current peaceful ( stable ) province. In this manner, Earth s history was considered as consequences of accretions of ruinous events over a comparatively short clip period. In contrast, the other geological theory was subsequently known as uniformitarianism, which argued that accounts and ratings of geological events could be interpreted with mention to physical procedures that have been runing on Earth since its yesteryear, at about the same strength and measure. These different apprehension was divided into two schools, viz. catastrophist and uniformitarian, b ased upon how geologic forces, rate of alterations and developments were evaluated otherwise. Argument on Force and Cause What the geological forces and the strength have been, and what the causes were, originate in first topographic point to the statements. The uniformitarian insisted on uniformity of causes, stated in Lyell s rule of geology in 1830, suggested that for absolute gradualism, it required huge sum of geologic clip to treat natural choice ( Bowler 130 ) . Additionally, Lyell pointed out that in Earth s history, the overall development could non be directional and hence, an initial province of the Earth would non be traced back to. A. Sedgwick and W. Whewell, from the calamities cantonment, shortly came to assail Lyell with their two hypotheses: ( I ) greater magnitude and strength of geological forces existed in the early periods and ( two ) there were gradual developments from the violent crude phase in Earth history, to its current stable status. Nevertheless, new natural philosophies came in to the assistance of the catastrophists. W. Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) used the jurisprudence of t hermodynamics, to dispute the steady province position of Erath history proposed by the uniformitarian. Equipped with new natural philosophies Torahs, Kelvin showed, the sum of energy required for infinite active-state, could non be allowed, shortening the clip span of earth history was to about 100 million old ages old, which was merely a little fraction of what required in Darwin s theory. Under this status and appraisal, development would non be impossible, but must come on at a faster rate ( Bowler 234 ) . Darwin, through his observation during the 1835 Chile temblor, provided house grounds for Lyell s gradualism. He found out the formations of Andes and coral islands, by analyzing the coral reeves that grew indoors out upon the dead 1s on the Andes ( under the status that coral reeves could non populate excessively deep from the surface ) , he concluded that the mountains and coral islands elevated from under the sea degree in similar mechanism. Fossil job However, the big graduated table of discontinuities at geological record could non be explained. Other evolutionists came with other groundss to give land support to the steady province theory. Darwin showed the bounds of dodo record: it was discontinuous resulted from its rarity and inclinations to difference species at assorted environments ( Johnson 47 ) . By demoing that, fossils merely formed under certain conditions ( sudden entombment, high force per unit area, and appropriate temperature ) at low possibilities over clip, and formed dodo record may non be preserved over clip, ensuing fewer and fewer sum staying in footings of geological clip ( Johnson 46 ) . Lyell besides gave account for the steady-state, that Earth need non be precisely the same in every period, but must hold had alterations little and slow plenty such that the entire alterations was non cumulative. Furthermore, Lyell brought grounds against the sudden extinction, as assumed by the catastrophist, from finds of re-emerging species in the dodo record. He believed that species followed the clime alteration instead than being suddenly extinct ( Bowler 134 ) . To Cuvier, His get downing point was to happen an account to the forms of extinction and faunal sequence that were observed in the dodo record. While he examined the fossil grounds, that the calamity which is responsible for a recent extinction in Eurasia may hold been the consequence of the possible inundation of low lying countries by the sea, while neer doing any mention to Noah s inundation, he did non do any mention to divine power from scriptural belief. Cuvier besides believed that, the geological record may bespeak that there could hold been several times of these revolutions, which he considered as repeating natural events, towards long intervals of stableness within the history of Earth s life ( Bowler 109 ) . Therefore, Cuvier concluded that Earth was merely about several million old ages old. In early nineteenth century Britain, Cuvier s theory of catastrophism was welcome for it provided theoretical model for major development in ocean and stratigraphy, which so allowed the withdrawing ocean theory to be replaced by liquefied Earth theory. With the premise that alterations had been more violent in the yesteryear of Earth history, the predicted claim of Earth began as a liquefied Earth of stone could hold agreed with the description for the scriptural creative activity ( Bowler 115 ) . Before Buckland accepted the theory of chilling Earth to explicate the diminishing tendency of force of geological activities, he believed in regional catastrophism and creationism. In his book Reliquiae Diluvianae ( 1823 ) , he described that he had found the grounds of record of recent geological flood. In a cave in Yorkshire, castanetss of hyaenas buried in harden clay had been found to demo the hint of flood responded to the clime alteration. Furthermore, to corroborate the truth of the Biblical history: had we neer heard of such an event [ Noah s Flood ] . . . Geology of itself must hold called in the aid of some such calamity to explicate the phenomenon . However, Buckland did non believed that the cause of such calamity was supernatural, and the flood was merely one of those calamity happened in early history that punctuated the history of the Earth. Even earlier Lyell published his Principles, a group of geologists, known as Scriptural geologists, arose to dispute the spread theoreticians and other theological compromisers. This group insisted on a recent six-day creative activity and a world-wide Noah s Flood, harmonizing to scriptural creative activity. Granville Penn, in his book published in1822, Comparative Estimate of the Mineral and Mosaic Geologies, argued with instead sharp logic positions being barely distinguishable. George Bugg s two volume musical composition, Scriptural Geology ; or, Geological Phenomena Consistent Merely with Literal Interpretations of Sacred Scriptures, was published in 1826. Bugg abused Buckland and distinguished between even the pious Cuvier and Christian authors. Among those reacting was Adam Sedgwick, who with Buckland foremost espoused but subsequently, abandoned diluvialism. In his 1830 presidential reference to London s Geological Society, Sedgwick replied to the Mosaic geologists wi th a annihilating circular. When the first volume of Lyell s Principles was published in 1830, the Scriptural Geologists declared a pestilence on both houses as the great contention between uniformitarian and catastrophists began. Since so, the issue has been still alive in the go oning arguments about the rates of alteration and clip spans in the history of the development of species ( Appleman 36 ) . The American Response In recommending Cuvier s claim that catastrophes similar to the scriptural inundation repeatedly destroyed life and blossomed out species, Thomas Jefferson, referred to the fossil castanetss of mastodon and rejection its proposed extinction, wrote, Such is economic system of nature, that no case can be produced, of her holding permitted any on race of her animate beings to go replete ; of her holding formed any nexus in her great work, so weak as to be broken ( Appleman 35 ) . Agassiz believed that life progressed in stairss periods of discontinuity, in the push of supernatural force. In each period, it required geological calamity until the population of some species was wiped out ( Bowler 123 ) . In 1842, he postulated his ain type of calamity: Ice Age. Furthermore, to the antonym of what evolutionists insisted, Agassiz insisted that the location of the first member of each category in dodo record would be found at the highest degree, non the lowest suggested by the jurisprudence of geology ( Bowler 121 ) . Summary and Conclusion Plants cited Appleman, Philip: Darwin. Norton: 2001, 3rd Ed. Bowler, P. J. : Development, the History of an Idea. Univ. of Calif. Press: 2009, 3rd Ed. Johnson, P.E. : Darwin on Test: the Fossil Problem. Inter-Varsity Press: 1991, 45-62.

The Creek essays

The Creek essays The name "Creek" came from the shortening of Ocheese Creek Indians a name given by the English to the native people living along the Ocheese Creek. In time, the name was given to all groups of the Native American Confederacy. All tribes living in Georgia were known to be good hunters and farmers so food was usually not a problem within the tribes. Foods ranging from coastal varieties to fruits and berries. Farmers were noted to be very good at their job. Corn, rice, and potatoes were few of the favorites, because they had large fields in their villages. Before the middle of the 16th century the Creek's controlled almost all of Georgia. At that time the Cherokee began to pressure them to move more inland. A tremendous battle occurred at, Slaughter Gap in Lumpkin County in the late 1600's. After this battle the Creek traveled to line just south of the Etowah River. A later battle in Cherokee County made the Creek south to the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, and west to the Coosa (mostly in Alabama), hence the terms Upper Creek and Lower Creek became common references to the now separate tribes. Different sections of the tribe fought on either the British or American sides. In November 1783, two minor chiefs (Tallassee and Cusseta) ceded Creek land between the Tugaloo and Apalachee Rivers. After the cession, relations between the state of Georgia and the Creek Nation worsened and on April 2, 1786, the Creek Nation declared war. Attacks against settlers on Creek land were carried out. In spite of two tries at the treaty (Shoulderbone, 1786; New York, 1790) there was no peace on the Georgia frontier until after the War of 1812. Although most of the incidents were mainly minor, settlers on the boundary between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia were always afraid of a raid. Before the ...

PARAPHRASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PARAPHRASE - Essay Example They do not use command-and-control model and they ensure the transmission of the company’s culture. Nucor also has an unusual pay system that shares corporate wealth with workers (profits and bonuses). Workers’ and managers’ take-home greatly depends on results and pay disparities are modest with executive pay geared toward team-building. There also exists a healthy competition in Nucor based on efficiency, safety and output among shifts and facilities, balanced with a long history of idea-sharing and cooperation. Just as Nucor rewards good work, it also penalizes bad work and this way, the company’s model has brought it numerous benefits including improved annual production of acquisitions and improved total shipments. With the company’s growth, its existing facilities whose products overlap with those of acquired plants may be forced to seek new businesses to branch into thereby making its workers innovate themselves into more lucrative spots out of tough ones. Apparently, Nucor is the leading and the most outstanding steel company in the U.S. Its model energizes workers and provides an example of exceptional strategic execution. It also ensures that both workers and managers demonstrate a level of fervor for the company that can border on the bizarre. For other companies, the model is therefore worth

Report for Advance Software Engineering for Stage Two Essay

Report for Advance Software Engineering for Stage Two - Essay Example As discussed earlier in stage 1 reflection that all of us were working on pair level and it was not easy for us to conclude the best idea therefore we suffered a lot during project planning. Through mashwara, we felt better understanding because every one was only giving his opinion instead of dictating his strategy. Instead of working on the project in isolation we also experienced and enjoyed the pair programming strategy. It was really an amazing approach which reduced the development time errors quite significantly. The incremental approach also helped quite significantly as it enabled us to abstract the future details of the project and allowed us to focus on the issues at hand. Specifically speaking during the thread management and usage of patterns it was very much effective to keep concentrating on the local issues rather than thinking upon the 'unseen challenges of the later aspects of the project'. To me, planning the whole project and then breaking it down into modules cou ld be useful and beneficial approach for all experienced managers and for a team with a higher level of communication, support and trust within them. However, for groups like ours, I found it better to set some short terms goals, complete them and then proceed towards the later parts of the project. Indeed, I feel integration may be a problematic issue for very large projects but not of course for this project. From technical aspects, the most interesting parts of the project are thread management and usage of patterns. Understanding threads as a tool for concurrent programming within the application is an exciting experience. It took some time for me to get comfortable with thread programming because of its different nature as compared to other programming techniques. During the project it was not a big deal to apply threads; however, I think handling concurrency issues, race conditions and avoidance of deadlocks may wreak havoc in a heavily multithreaded application. To be honest, I still have to learn a true multi threaded environment and how to optimally use this powerful technique to improve the efficiency of the application. Improper usage of the threads may also cause unwanted delays and other vulnerabilities during the program. As compared to the agile programming approach I found 'Design Pattern' to be more complicated, interesting and powerful software design technique as a learner. A design pattern introduced by the gang of four is an incredible way to structure the application design for extensions, flexibility and more towards a generic design. INDIVIDUAL REPORT Threads Threads can be used for concurrent execution of the unit parts of the programs within the application execution environment. A program may be fragmented if no dependencies are found within each block and can be executed through threads concurrently. This concurrent execution speeds up the application and is very helpful for (some how) parallel processing tasks over a single process or. Fortunately, recent processors are significantly supporting the usage of threads and improving the program throughput quite noticeably. Furthermore the threads allow a programmer to accurately map the real world scenarios with the application as it was the case in our project too. There are several 'works' or 'processing’s' going on concurrently in the real world. Like, the

Comparative Legal System Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Comparative Legal System - Article Example During the early centuries, the judges and justices were responsible for adapting the Writ system to meet everyday needs, and the application of a mixture of common sense and precedent in order to create a body of internally consistent law. For example, the Law Merchant began in the Pie-Powder Courts (a corruption of the French "pieds-poudr's" or "dusty feet", meaning ad hoc marketplace courts). "As Parliament developed in strength, and subject to the doctrine of separation of powers, legislation gradually overtook judicial law making so that, today, judges are only able to innovate in certain very narrowly defined areas. Time before 1189 was defined in 1276 as being time immemorial." (English law English law. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law) According to Mary Ann Glendon, "Reception of a legal system depends upon the fusion of the local culture with that of the settling nation ... Where a cultural assimilation has occurred, the English common law has shown remarkable capaci ty for adaptation." (Mary Ann Glendon et al 1999) During the British Empire, Britain exported its legal system to various countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, including the United States, and many aspects of the British legal system have persisted since the withdrawal of the British. English law before the Independence Wars still has an influence on the law in the United States, and English law provides the basis for some American policies and legal traditions. Many states that were formerly subject to English law (such as Australia) continue to recognise a link to English law - subject, of course, to statutory modification and judicial revision to match the law to local conditions - and decisions from the English law reports continue to be cited from time to time as persuasive authority in present day judicial opinions. For a few states, the British Privy Council remains the ultimate court of appeal (English_law http://www.smso.net/English_law)Similarly, because the UK remains a strong international trading nation, "international consistency of decision making is of vital importance, so the Admiralty is strongly influenced by Public International Law and the modern commercial treaties and conventions regulating shipping" (http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/English-law) As former colonists of Great Britain, the Founding Fathers of the United States tended to adopt much of the British legal system. The United States, Great Britain and Wales all have a law that is made by courts (common law) rather than laws handed down by a monarch or some other central governmental authority such as a legislature. The jury, a panel of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case, is an integral part of our common-law system. Use of juries to decide cases, is a distinguishing feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States. Over the centuries, many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result than would be obtained using a judge alone, as many

Control For Induction Motors Essay Example for Free

Control For Induction Motors Essay Project paln Soft starter and soft stopping for speed control for induction motors Introduction The project is entirely on the design and development of a soft starter converter that will satisfy and implement the soft starting and soft stopping for speed control of an induction motor. Soft starters also called solid state starter are used for gentle starting and stopping of induction motors. Pumps, centrifuges, compressors, escalators, belt conveyors, mills, fans, stone crusher and saws are typical applications. If a motor is not adequately protected the sudden change in rotation torque and speed, which occurs on starting and stopping will jolt the equipment linked to it. Over the long term this can lead to increase in mechanical wear of gearboxes, clutches, transmission and conveyor systems. Abrupt starting and stopping can also damage goods being handled by the mechanical equipment. For instance, the filling and distribution of glass bottles and containers loaded on to a conveyor holds a potential for a minor disaster. One sudden jerk during starting and stopping will surely cause the entire process line to engage in a mass of broken glasses and dripping liquids or sticky product. With pumps soft starters eliminate pressure shocks in pipes and valves when the pipe pump starts or stops. This poses a particular safety hazard when the transfer of volatile and/or inflammable liquid is involved. Background Information Soft starter controllers provide the soft starting and stopping of induction motors with no beyond high maximum currents, motor heating or mechanical shocks. However this is more vital for most of large machines because there is entirely reduced starting torque and reduced impacts on mechanical parts, however this result in an increase in the equipment lifespan. Also the soft starting and soft stopping result in mass energy saving the power supply since the starting currents and voltages are low, meaning the amount of power dissipated at the start is less as compared to a normal start without a soft start. An induction motor soft starting and soft stopping inverter is a vital aspect which serves as a premier protection to the machine itself and the entire production line. The outmost need for soft starting and soft stopping is to prescribe the inrush currents that an induction motor absorb when being started from rest. This needs attention because it eventually causes the line voltages to decline, which is nevertheless a danger to such loads sensitive to low voltages. These inrush cerrents and high starting voltages are major cause to mechanical stress; when large currents enters the motor windings a larger magnetic field is being produced which can cause some parts to attract and repel Objectives The main project aim is to design and develop a soft starter converter that implements the soft starting and soft stopping of an induction motor. Specifically, the project will focus on the following objectives 1. To design and develop the hardware components of the project that features the soft starting and soft stopping of an induction motor. 2. To design and develop the software hardware that could be integrated to the hardware 3. To demonstrate the converter responses to starting and stopping operations of an induction motor. Methodology Justification soft starter controllers ensure the soft starting and stopping of induction motors without excessive peak currents, motor heating or mechanical shocks.This has a particular importance in large machines due to the power consumption in the megawatt range. The energy adsorbed by the motor winding and the shock torque have both and important impact in the mechanical parts and consequently, influences the equipment lifetime. they allow the reduction of cable section and the energy peak power from the electricity supplier. An induction motor soft starting and soft stopping inverter is a vital aspect which serves as a premier protection to the motor lifespan and http://www.ctiautomation.net/Control-Techniques-Soft-Starters.htm https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:srtLMpIZcMoJ:www.eaton.com/ecm/idcplg%3FIdcService%3DGET_FILE%26dID%3D428122+soft+starter/stopping+induction+motorhl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEEShf7UdxSK-mMBvBj-zftdxPnL24HsZr2T32U2sCIlpx8wZ1tKtG_L3r51v4roi7xe-vF81v_Qmww-XYxvRGlNfR5yzJBmrupuoU0b35MJVZOBjH1byAnHUh2i8OyPBR8r9Cd-bJsig=AHIEtbS1MVgMGWzC7MHbsX548ilI1M0rEQ

Problem Based Learning Reflective Account Psychology Essay

Problem Based Learning Reflective Account Psychology Essay The Problem Based Learning (PBL) exercise was entitled The relationship to change. Each Case Discussion Group (CDG), consisting of 7 trainees, had to produce a presentation on this topic. Our CDG decided to look at the relationship of the media in changing attitudes towards mental health, with a focus on the Tripartite Model (Triandis, 1971) to explain attitude formation and Stages of Change Model (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1984, cited in Sarafino, 1998) to think about the process of change. I will reflect on the process of change since starting the PBL for both myself and the group, and how this is reflective of changes that occur in clinical practice, with consideration of these two models. The PBL exercise occurred before we started on placement; as such, there are areas that we did not consider or have time to cover; for example, the relationship of the mental health service and teams in changing attitudes towards mental health, both in the community and within services, and how attitudes about mental health influence therapy. I believe these may be important aspects to reflect upon here. Though we were all of similar ages, we had one male in our group and a variety of different individual characteristics and experiences, although we all shared apprehensions about actually doing the presentation. As the group sessions progressed, there were shifts in the extent of the contributions made by different group members. Initially, I remained relatively quiet and felt quite daunted by the process. As I felt more settled and gained more knowledge about the task in hand, I contributed to a far greater extent and felt able to put my point of view across. I believe as a group we were very respectful of one anothers needs and that this developed as we grew in confidence. There was a general consensus of the title being very vague. I felt that there was a need amongst us to get something done and have something to work on, and we became very task-focused. Having watched the other groups presentations, I realised that we remained task-focused throughout the experience in comparison to other groups who largely reflected on their experiences. This may be reflected in therapeutic interventions whereby time constraints and limited sessions mean that we become more focused on the task at hand and neglect to reflect on the therapeutic process. On reflection, however, our group formed a strong bond at an early stage, perhaps drawn together by the safe environment we created to share ideas and anxieties and the shared goal of wanting to achieve, and this formed the basis of a positive experience of this learning task. As the group evolved and held trust in one another, we felt able to hold different opinions and constructively worked through these until a cons ensus was reached. This is something I feel we would not have achieved so successfully at the beginning due to a need to be liked and please one another and therefore feeling restrained and less willing to share a differing opinion. This may be reflected in clinical practice with clients who may initially feel less able to voice ideas or disagreements with our expressed understandings of their difficulties but are more able to do so as the relationship develops. This can be vital when thinking about formulation and highlights the need to reformulate with new information. Of the six formal sessions that we met together for our CDG, three were attended by our facilitator. This had an impact on the group dynamics; due to this being our first assignment and us being new trainees, there was an inherent need for us to seek reassurance that what we were doing was right and to gain approval from the facilitator when she joined us. I was much quieter when she was present, through anxieties about being evaluated and I noticed as a group, we tended to be more restrained and tentative. Part of the role of a clinical psychologist may be to facilitate groups, both therapeutically and in other settings such as group supervision. The differences that arose in the sessions where we had a facilitator compared with those when we did not may also be reflected in other group settings. Whilst the power differential cannot be removed and the way in which people interact under different circumstances will vary, I have considered how important it is to try to make people fee l as comfortable as they can in such settings, perhaps through sharing experiences and anxieties, where appropriate. This has certainly been a helpful part of my own supervision whereby my supervisor has shared her experiences and mistakes and I have felt more empowered to talk about difficult situations I have faced. However, this is still an area that I need to become more comfortable with; accepting that it is neither required nor desirable to know everything or to get everything right. As a group, we worked productively on the task in hand, setting homework tasks for each of us and to then share these with the group at the beginning of each meeting. This is highly reflective of a CBT framework whereby we were very directive and focused on achieving the goal of getting our presentation written. Through my clinical practice, I have seen how using CBT can fit very well with what some clients want, in terms of them having identified the areas they want to change and wanting practical techniques and homework tasks to enable them to do this. However, there have been other clients I have worked with for whom I have been unsure that a CBT approach was best suited to their needs. One client in particular brought with him each week complex family difficulties. Working within a CBT focused team, I felt constrained to keep to a CBT approach but following supervision and a subsequent consultation with family therapy, alongside the CBT we addressed relational difficulties and th is appeared to bring about change within his system that constituted a shift in his depression. Thinking about how we approached our PBL task, I wonder if we neglected a more holistic approach and in our focus on getting the task done, we missed opportunities to learn from the process and engage with the relationships that were forming and changing. In subsequent CDGs, we have reflected more upon how we have formed and developed as a group but it is perhaps an area we need to remain mindful of due to our apparent need to still remain more task-focused. Models of change Our group decided to look at two models relating to our chosen focus of the relationship of the media in changing attitudes towards mental health. The stages of change model (Procheska and DiClemente, 1992) proposes five stages of change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance, with relapse also being a feature of the change process. In the service where I am on placement, people are required to be motivated to engage and change, and are thus usually at the contemplation or preparation stage. I was struck by the contrast of these clients and the clients I spent time with when working two shifts on an acute ward as part of my induction. Here, many of the clients were less aware of having difficulties or not wanting to make any changes. I reflected on how different therapy might be with clients at different stages and how different techniques may be employed, such as motivational interviewing, at earlier stages. However, I also considered for whom there w as a problem and whether if the client is not at risk to themselves or others and not in distress, should societys representation of normal mean that such clients are forced to change? In addition, it is important to consider what constitutes significant change. Through working with a client who checks obsessively, I have found that my expectations were different to hers and that she has achieved a reduction in checking that is sufficient for her. This enabled me to consider my own attitudes and beliefs about the distress people experience and how important it is to fully listen to clients and what their goals are. We also looked at the Tripartite model which looks at attitudes and how these are influenced and changed. It suggests that attitudes are comprised of three parts, cognitions, affect and behaviour, and that attitudes can be changed by working on any one of these parts, for example through new information, direct experience or forced behaviour. I was very motivated to look at attitudes towards mental health since I feel there is still a lot of stigma attached to mental distress and was interested in the role that the media plays in both supporting and trying to address this, whilst also being aware that this can vary depending on other factors such as culture. I was surprised during my induction on the inpatient ward by the views held by some staff towards the clients whereby some clients were seen as their diagnosis, rather than as people, and were consequently infantilised and not treated as individuals. I found myself trying to get to know more about the clients than just their diag nosis by engaging with them through activities, such as playing pool. The therapeutic relationship is a vital and influential component of therapy (Roth and Fonagy, 2005). It is interesting to think about how both the therapists and clients attitudes towards mental health difficulties impact upon the therapeutic relationship. When working with clients in a therapeutic setting, I am now more mindful of seeing beyond their distress and thinking more holistically, as well as consideration of our attitudes towards the distress and drawing upon the resources and resilience clients have already. My experiences on the ward also enabled me to think more about staff and team attitudes in general. As the role of clinical psychologists changes and they take on more consultative and leadership roles, team dynamics will be an important factor to consider and thus changing attitudes may be an important factor to consider, through increased training and supervision. Final Reflections It has been interesting to reflect on the dynamics of our group. I feel that as a group we bonded very quickly and that this was significantly aided by a shared goal of getting our presentation done alongside a common theme of feeling quite anxious about getting it right. Through the experience of shared learning, we were able to draw upon a wealth of experiences and construct a presentation that employed humour to get our message across in a format that felt safe and fun for us. This very much reflected our CDG meetings which employed humour but focused on the task at hand. It has also enabled me to think about my own use of humour and how I feel that this can be an important factor in clinical practice to aid the therapeutic alliance and to enable clients to alleviate some of their distress. As a group, I think that we moved from tentative explorations of ideas to being more empowered to express and manage differing opinions and achieving an agreed consensus following discussions. With hindsight, I believe we neglected to reflect sufficiently on the process of change for us as a group during the PBL task but that we are now more aware of our need to develop these skills further. Our presentation focused on attitude change towards mental health difficulties. I believe there is a large role for clinical psychologists, and mental health teams, to consider the attitudes we hold and to consider how we view different client groups, mental health difficulties and diversity. I believe that being aware of such attitudes is an important factor in acknowledging the need for change in some attitudes, alongside training and good supervision. I hope that as my own training and confidence develops, I will feel better equipped to be able to facilitate changes in such attitudes.